Uranyl nitrate is a water-soluble yellow uranium salt with the formula . The hexa-, tri-, and dihydrates are known.
Uranyl nitrate can be prepared by reaction of uranium salts with nitric acid. It is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone. As determined by neutron diffraction, the uranyl center is characteristically linear with short U=O distances. In the equatorial plane of the complex are six U-O bonds to bidentate nitrate and two water ligands. At 245 picometer, these U-O bonds are much longer than the U=O bonds of the uranyl center.
Uses
Processing of nuclear fuels
Uranyl nitrate is important for nuclear reprocessing. It is the compound of uranium that results from dissolving the decladded spent
nuclear fuel rods or
yellowcake in nitric acid, for further separation and preparation of uranium hexafluoride for isotope separation for preparing of
enriched uranium. A special feature of uranyl nitrate is its solubility in tributyl phosphate (), which allows uranium to be extracted from the nitric acid solution. Its high solubility is attributed to the formation of the lipophilic adduct UO
2(NO
3)
2(OP(OBu)
3)
2.
Archaic photography
During the first half of the 19th century, many
photosensitive metal salts had been identified as candidates for photographic processes, among them uranyl nitrate. The prints thus produced were called uranium prints or uranotypes.
The first uranium printing processes were invented by Scotsman J. Charles Burnett between 1855 and 1857, and used this compound as the sensitive salt. Burnett authored a 1858 article comparing "Printing by the Salts of the Uranic and Ferric Oxides"
The process employs the ability of the uranyl ion to pick up two
and reduce to the lower
oxidation state of uranium(IV) under
ultraviolet light.
Uranotypes can vary from print to print from a more neutral, brown russet to strong Bartolozzi red, with a very long tone grade. Surviving prints are slightly
radioactive, a property which serves as a means of non-destructively identifying them.
Several other more elaborate photographic processes employing the compound appeared and vanished during the second half of the 19th century with names like Wothlytype, Mercuro-Uranotype and the Auro-Uranium process. Uranium papers were manufactured commercially at least until the end of the 19th century, vanishing due to the superior sensitivity and practical advantages of
. From the 1930s through the 1950s
Kodak Books described a uranium toner (Kodak T-9) using uranium nitrate hexahydrate.
Stain for microscopy
Along with
uranyl acetate it is used as a
negative stain for
in electron microscopy; in tissue samples it stabilizes
and
.
As a reagent
Uranyl nitrates are common starting materials for the synthesis of other uranyl compounds because the nitrate ligand is easily replaced by other anions. It reacts with oxalate to give
uranyl oxalate. Treatment with hydrochloric acid gives
uranyl chloride.
Health and environmental issues
Uranyl nitrate is an oxidizing and highly toxic compound. When ingested, it causes severe chronic kidney disease and acute tubular necrosis and is a
lymphocyte mitogen. Target organs include the
,
liver,
lungs and
brain. It also represents a severe fire and explosion risk when heated or subjected to shock in contact with oxidizable substances.
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